Virtual vs. Concrete Manipulatives in Mathematics Teacher Education: Is One Type More Effective than the Other?

Annita W. Hunt; Kelli L. Nipper; Linda E. Nash

Current Issues in Middle Level Education Vol. 16, No. 2 (2011) pp. 1–6

Are virtual manipulatives as effective as concrete (hands-on) manipulatives in building conceptual understanding of number concepts and relationships in pre-service middle grades teachers? In the past, the use of concrete manipulatives in...